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New Caledonia (''Nouvelle-Calédonie''): Saint-Barthélemy: Saint Martin: Saint Pierre and Miquelon (''Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon''): Wallis and Futuna (''Wallis-et-Futuna''): and Mayotte: The combined population of the overseas departments and collectivities is 2,742,000, with the population of metropolitan France standing at }} |population_estimate_year = Total 2015 |population_label2 = Metropolitan France 2015 estimate |population_data2 = 64,386,000 (22nd) |population_density_km2 = 116 |population_density_sq_mi = 301 |population_density_rank = 89th |pop_den_footnote = |GDP_nominal =$2.423 trillion |GDP_nominal_rank = 6th |GDP_nominal_year = 2015 |GDP_nominal_per_capita =$37,728〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=France )〕 |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 20th |GDP_PPP_year = 2015 |GDP_PPP =$2.647 trillion |GDP_PPP_rank = 9th |GDP_PPP_per_capita =$41,221〔 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 25th |Gini_year = 2013 |Gini_change = |Gini = 30.1 |Gini_ref = |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2013 |HDI_change = steady |HDI = 0.884 |HDI_ref = |HDI_rank = 20th |currency = |time_zone = CET |utc_offset = +1 |time_zone_DST = CEST |utc_offset_DST = +2 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy |drives_on = right |calling_code = +33 |ISO_3166-1_alpha2 = |ISO_3166-1_alpha3 = FRA |ISO_3166-1_numeric = |sport_code = FRA |vehicle_code = F |cctld = .fr }} France, officially the French Republic (), is a sovereign state comprising territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European part of France, called Metropolitan France, extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. France spans and has a total population of 67 million. It is a unitary semi-presidential republic with the capital in Paris, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. The Constitution of France establishes the state as secular and democratic, with its sovereignty derived from the people. During the Iron Age, what is now Metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The Gauls were conquered in 51 BC by the Roman Empire, which held Gaul until 486. The Gallo-Romans faced raids and migration from the Germanic Franks, who dominated the region for hundreds of years, eventually creating the medieval Kingdom of France. France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years' War (1337 to 1453) strengthening French state-building and paving the way for a future centralized absolute monarchy. During the Renaissance, France experienced a vast cultural development and established the beginning of a global colonial empire. The 16th century was dominated by religious civil wars between Catholics and Protestants (Huguenots). France became Europe's dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV.〔R.R. Palmer and Joel Colton, ''A History of the Modern World'' (5th ed. 1978), p. 161〕 French philosophers played a key role in the Age of Enlightenment during the 18th century. In 1778, France became the first and the main ally of the new United States in the American Revolutionary War. In the late 18th century, the absolute monarchy was overthrown in the French Revolution. Among its legacies was the ''Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen'', one of the earliest documents on human rights, which expresses the nation's ideals to this day. France became one of modern history's earliest republics until Napoleon took power and launched the First French Empire in 1804. Fighting against a complex set of coalitions during the Napoleonic Wars, he dominated European affairs for over a decade and had a long-lasting impact on Western culture. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a tumultuous succession of governments: the monarchy was restored, it was replaced in 1830 by a constitutional monarchy, then briefly by a Second Republic, and then by a Second Empire, until a more lasting French Third Republic was established in 1870. By the 1905 law, France adopted a strict form of secularism, called ''laïcité'', which has become an important federative principle in the modern French society. France reached its territorial height during the 19th and early 20th centuries, when it ultimately possessed the second-largest colonial empire in the world. In World War I, France was one of the main winners as part of the Triple Entente alliance fighting against the Central Powers. France was also one of the Allied Powers in World War II, but came under occupation by the Axis Powers in 1940. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War. The Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Following World War II, most of the empire became decolonized. Throughout its long history, France has been a leading global center of culture, making significant contributions to art, science, and philosophy. It hosts Europe's third-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites (after Italy and Spain) and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, the most of any country in the world. France remains a great power with significant cultural, economic, military, and political influence.〔Jack S. Levy, ''War in the Modern Great Power System, 1495-1975'', (2014) p. 29〕 It is a developed country with the world's sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. According to ''Credit Suisse'', France is the fourth wealthiest nation in the world in terms of aggregate household wealth. It also possesses the world's largest exclusive economic zone (EEZ), covering .〔Centre national de documentation pédagogique, "2011, ANNÉE DES OUTRE-MER" ()〕 French citizens enjoy a high standard of living, and the country performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, civil liberties, and human development. France is a founding member of the United Nations, where it serves as one of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council. It is a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the World Trade Organization (WTO), and La Francophonie. France is a founding and leading member state of the European Union (EU).〔 ==Etymology== (詳細はFrankish Empire, the name "France" comes from the Latin ''ラテン語:Francia'', or "country of the Franks".〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=History of France )〕 Modern France is still named today ''Francia'' in Italian and Spanish, ''Frankreich'' in German and ''Frankrijk'' in Dutch, all of which have the same historical meaning. There are various theories as to the origin of the name Frank. Following the precedents of Edward Gibbon and Jacob Grimm,〔Perry, Walter Copland (1857). The Franks, from Their First Appearance in History to the Death of King Pepin. London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts.〕 the name of the Franks has been linked with the word ''frank'' (''free'') in English.〔Examples: And so on.〕 It has been suggested that the meaning of "free" was adopted because, after the conquest of Gaul, only Franks were free of taxation. Another theory is that it is derived from the Proto-Germanic word ''frankon'', which translates as ''javelin'' or ''lance'' as the throwing axe of the Franks was known as a francisca. However, it has been determined that these weapons were named because of their use by the Franks, not the other way around.〔Isidore of Seville, ''Etymologiarum sive originum, libri XVIII''〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「France」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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